“Tough Gear”and “High Quality” for New X-TRAIL1. Introduction2. Overview of e-4ORCEFig. 1 New X-TRAILFig. 2 Comparison of powertrain system configuration*Powertrain and EV Performance Engineering DepartmentNissan Motor plans to combine the electric powertrain system “e-POWER,” which enables 100% power generation with the engine and 100% motor-based drive, and the electric all-wheel drive (AWD) system, which incorporates two motors in the front and rear wheels, in a full-fledged SUV, New X-TRAIL (Fig. 1). The new electric AWD control technology “e-4ORCE” unveiled at the 2019 Tokyo Motor Show “ARIYA Concept” will also be applied in combination.This chapter describes the e-4ORCE technology and AWD performance for the New X-TRAIL, which is Nissan's first full-fledged SUV equipped with an electric powertrain.The AWD system equipped with an internal combustion engine powertrain installed in the previous X-TRAIL model was designed to mechanically distribute the power generated by the internal combustion engine to the front and rear wheels through a coupled propeller shaft (Fig. 2, left). This causes a mechanical delay in the power transmission and introduces a mechanical limit to the resolution of the distribution. Further, unlike an electric motor, the internal combustion engine has difficulty controlling the output with a high response, and it cannot control the total driving force on the order of 0.1 s.The basic configuration of the electric powertrain “e-4ORCE” equipped with independent front and rear electric motors is shown in Fig. 2 (right). e-4ORCE enables the accurate distribution of the front and rear driving forces with high responsiveness.One of the “e-4ORCE” control concepts is to extract 100% of the driving force of the four tires and transmit it to the road surface to stabilize the movement of the vehicle under any driving scenario. The vehicle body is supported by all four wheels, and the load applied to each wheel changes constantly depending on the road surface and vehicle conditions. Although the limit of each tire's ability to transmit the driving force to the road surface (tire grip force) (Fig. 3) changes based on the wheel load, a stable driving performance can be achieved by controlling all tires in a well-balanced manner such that they are within their limits. The new X-TRAIL e-4ORCE control function distributes the driving forces to the front and rear wheels to optimize the gripping ability of each tire based on the changes in wheel load caused by the road surface and driving conditions. Moreover, this control function controls the left and right brakes according to the driving scenario, and the braking forces are combined to improve the driving performance, except when decelerating.214. Application of e-4ORCE to Full-Scale SUVsTakeji Katakura* Ryota Suzuki*
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